Home  |  About JAPTR |  Editorial board  |  Search |  Ahead of print  |  Current issue  |  Archives |  Submit article  |  Instructions  |  Subscribe  |  Advertise  |  Contacts  |Login 
Users Online: 506   Home Print this page Email this page Small font sizeDefault font sizeIncrease font size
     

 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2015  |  Volume : 6  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 53-57  

Investigation of cream and ointment on antimicrobial activity of Mangifera indica extract


1 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University ABHA, K.S.A, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan

Date of Web Publication2-Apr-2015

Correspondence Address:
Amgad A Awad El-Gied
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Gerager Campus, Abha Khamis Road Buliding (C) Entrance (2), 2nd Floor C/3/115, K.S.A
Saudi Arabia
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.154530

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Medicinal plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substance of different composition, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of these plants. Mangifera indica Linn (MI L.) is a species of mango in the Anacardiaceae family. Phytoconstituents in the seed extracts may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the plant. The purpose of the study was to formulate and evaluate the antimicrobial herbal ointment and cream from extracts of the seeds of mango (MI L.) The formulated ointments containing oleaginous-based showed the best formulation compared to the emulsion water in oil type, the ointment and cream bases in different concentration 1%, 5% and 10%. The formulated ointment and cream of MI L. were subjected to evaluation of Uniformity of Weight, measurement of pH, viscosity, Spreadability, Acute skin irritation study, stability study and antimicrobial activity. Our study shows that MI has high potential as an antimicrobial agent when formulated as ointment and creams for topical use. Thus, the present study concludes that the formulated formulations of the MI are safe and efficient carriers, with potent antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: Creams and antimicrobial activity, Mangifera indica, ointment


How to cite this article:
Awad El-Gied AA, Abdelkareem AM, Hamedelniel EI. Investigation of cream and ointment on antimicrobial activity of Mangifera indica extract. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2015;6:53-7

How to cite this URL:
Awad El-Gied AA, Abdelkareem AM, Hamedelniel EI. Investigation of cream and ointment on antimicrobial activity of Mangifera indica extract. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Mar 20];6:53-7. Available from: https://www.japtr.org/text.asp?2015/6/2/53/154530


  Introduction Top


Herbal medicine, also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine, refers to the use of any plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. [1] Long practiced outside of conventional medicine, herbalism is becoming more mainstream as up-to-date analysis and research show their value in the treatment and prevention of disease. Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary healthcare. [2] Plant drugs are frequently considered to be less toxic and freer from side effects than the synthetic ones. [3] Along with other dosage forms, herbal drugs are also formulated in the form of ointment and creams. Medicated ointments contain a medicament dissolved, suspended or emulsified in the base. Ointments are used topically for several purposes, example, as protectants, antiseptics, emollients, antipruritic, keratolytics and astringents. [4] Ointment bases are almost always anhydrous and generally contain one or more medicaments in suspension or solution or dispersion. Ointment bases may be hydrocarbon (oleaginous), absorption, water removable and water soluble type. [5] The delivery of drugs through the skin has long been a promising concept because of the ease of access, large surface area, vast exposure to the circulatory and lymphatic networks and noninvasive nature of the treatment. [6].Mangifera indica (MI), also known as mango, has been an important herb in the Ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems for over 4000 years. [7] MI Linn (L.) belongs to the family Anacardiaceae; the tree is a native of tropical Asia and is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, though it is now completely naturalized in many parts of the tropics and subtropics. [8] According to Ayurveda, varied medicinal properties are attributed to different parts of the mango tree. The presence of phytoconstituents in the leaf and seed extracts may be responsible for the antibacterial activity of the plant. [9] There are scanty reports on the activity of MI in the form of herbal ointment preparation to the best of the authors' knowledge. [10] The objective of the study was to formulate and evaluate the antimicrobial herbal ointment and cream from extracts of the seeds of mango (MI L.).


  Materials and methods Top


Plant collection and identification

Fresh seeds of MI L. were collected from the wild from around Khartoum vegetable, Sudan and were identified and authenticated by Dr. Hyder elshik, Research Center for Medicinal and aromatic plants and toxic, Sudan. The Sudanese MI L. was identified as mango. The collected seeds were kept at plastic bags at room temperature till use.

Extraction of mango seeds

Thousand gram of air dried and coarsely powdered of clean seeds of MI seed were extracted in Soxhlet apparatus to obtain methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The extracts were filtered, and the filtrates were vaporized to dryness, and weighed in order to determine the percentage yield of the extracts, following the formula:

% yield = (weight of extract/weight of ground plant material)×100

The stock solutions of the crude ethanolic and ethanolic extracts were prepared by dilution the dried extracts with 50% methanol and ethanol, respectively, to obtain the desired final concentrations of: 5 mg/mL, 3.75 mg/mL, 3.125 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.875 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL. These concentrations were used to impregnate filter paper disks (5.5 mm diameters). Disk impregnated into 50% methanol, and 50% ethanol was used as control while standard antimicrobial discs: Amikacin, chlorophenicol, oxacillin, amoxicillin, nystatin and metronidazole (Difco) were used as positive control.

Preparation of extracts

The extraction was carried out using methanol and ethanol (separately). 400 g of dry seeds of MI fruit were extracted with 80% methanol using Sox-8 h till the color of the solvent returned colorless. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure using the Rotary evaporator apparatus (BUCHI Rotavapor R-200/20). Extract was finally allowed to dry at air at room temperature till complete dryness. Extraction using ethanol followed the above procedures.

Determination of phytochemical constituents

Preliminary phytochemical analysis was undertaken using standard qualitative methods. [11] The different crude extracts obtained were qualitatively tested for the presence of various phytochemical constituents using standard protocols. [12] The extractive values of mango were calculated as per standard methods. [12] The concentrated crude extracts obtained through were weighed and dissolved in the respective solvent used for the extraction (1 g/100 mL, w/v).

Formulation of creams and ointments

Mangifera indica fruit seed after the extraction process was formulated as creams and ointment by different concentration 1%, 5%, and 10%. Selection of oleaginous base for the formulation based on the preliminary studies showed the best formulation compared to the emulsion water in oil (w/o) type, the ointment and cream bases in different concentration 1%, 5% and 10% were selected as the final base for the preparation of ointment.

Evaluation

The above formulated ointment and cream of MI L. were subjected to evaluation for the following parameters as per the method described. [13]

Physical evaluation of the formulation

The formulations were inspected visually for their color, homogeneity, consistency, and phase separation.

Measurement of pH

The pH was measured using a pH meter, which was calibrated before each use with standard buffer solutions at pH 4, 7, 9. The electrode was inserted into the sample 10 min prior to taking the reading at room temperature. [14]

Uniformity of weight

A total of 10 bottles were filled randomly and weighed. Ointment and creams were removed from each bottle, and each empty bottle was washed with methanol. The empty bottles were dried, and their weight was taken. The difference between two weights was calculated as net weight of the ointment and cream of bottle. The average of net weight of ointment and creams of 10 bottles was noted.

Average bottle content = Total content of 10 bottles/No of bottles

Viscosity

The viscosity was determined by CAP-2000 Brookfield viscometer. Test sample was taken in a clean and dry 250 ml beaker, and the viscosity of the test sample was determined by standard operating procedure of Viscometer using spindle nos. 1-4. Each spindle was used for finding the viscosity of the sample at speeds of 0.3, 0.6, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 30 and 60 r.p.m., respectively. Their rheological characteristics were also tested at 250 C using Brookfield viscometer. [15]

Spreadability

Spreadability is expressed in terms of time in seconds taken by two slides to slip off from the gel when placed in between the slides under the direction of a certain load. The excess amount of sample was placed between the two glass slides and a definite amount of weight was placed on these glass slides to compress the glass slides of uniform thickness. [16] A weight of 70 g was added and the time required to separate the two slides was noted. Spreadability was calculated using the formula.

S = M.L/T

Where, M = wt. tied to the upper slide, L = length of glass slides,

T = time taken to separate the slides.

Acute skin irritation study

The primary skin irritation test was performed on male albino rats, weighing about 150-200 g. A set of six rats was used in the study for each formulation. The animals were maintained on standard animal feed and free access to water. The animals were kept under standard laboratory conditions. The dorsal hairs on the back of the rats were clipped off 1-day prior to the study. 50 mg of the different formulations was applied over a 1 cm area of intact skin on different animals. After the formulation was applied to the skin of rats, the animals were returned to the cages. After 48 h of exposure, the formulation was removed. The test site was wiped with tap water to remove any remaining residue. Undesirable skin changes, that is, change in color and changes in skin morphology were checked.

Stability study

All the developed formulations were subjected to accelerated stability testing for about 5 weeks. Room temperatures were maintained as per (ICH guidelines 1993). The parameter of formulation such as color, texture, Spreadability, pH, phase separation, skin irritation and viscosity were determined for all the formulations.

Antimicrobial evaluation using the disc diffusion method

The original extract of MI was subject to serial dilution as follows: 5 mg/ml, 3.75 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 1.75 mg/ml, and 1 mg/ml. Filter discs (5.5/mm) were made and impregnated into each of the above dilutions. The discs were dried at 37°C for 1 h. The dried discs were therefore having the following concentration: 5 mg/ml, 3.75 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 1.75 mg/ml, and 1 mg/ml. Muller Hinton's agar plates were used the in vitro antimicrobial testing as recommended by clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [17] Bacterial strains were sub cultured from frozen stocks or from plates freshly obtained from Asser Central Hospital. One of three loopful of 24 h old cultures from each test strains were used to prepare 0.5 MeFard standard suspensions.

Each bacteria strain ( Escherichia More Details coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Mycobacterium smegmatis) were inoculated into Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates to form a bacterial lawn. Then impregnated dried discs plus positive and negative control discs were placed on the inoculated MHA agar.

The inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C and examined after 24, 48 and 72 h for inhibition zones around the wells. Zones were measured in mm by a ruler for each disc exhibiting inhibition zones under and around discs.


  Results and discussion Top


The MI fruit seed after the extraction process was formulated as creams and ointment with different concentration 1%, 5%, and 10%. The formulated ointments containing oleaginous base showed the best formulation. Due to the hydrocarbon properties of oleaginous bases they increase skin hydration by reducing the rate of water loss from the skin compared to the emulsion water in oil type, the ointment and cream bases in different concentration 1%, 5% and 10% were selected as the final base for the preparation of ointment because these bases were found to be compatible with the extracts at 10% concentration as well as possessing other optimum characteristics such as rate of release of medicament.

Batches of prepared creams and ointments formulations showed three different colors: Light brown, brown and dark brown depending on the different concentrations of active ingredient which was used in this study with a smooth and homogenous appearance, as given in [Table 1]. Uniformity of Weight for the average results of 10 individual readings were found to meet the release limit for the assay (British Pharmacopeia., 2012), Shown in [Table 2]. The pH of all of the MI extracts formulations was found to be in the range of 5.8-6.3 for the creams and in the range of 5.6-6.9 for the ointments, which lies within the normal pH range of the skin. The results obtained showed that the pH of the formulations was decreased when duration of storage increased as shown in [Table 3].
Table 1: Homogeneity of cream and ointment formulations

Click here to view
Table 2: Uniformity of weight

Click here to view
Table 3: pH of creams on storage

Click here to view


Prepared formulations possessed optimum viscosity. Since, the type and quantity of the cream and ointment in each formulation was the same, inclusion of different content seems to have brought about some difference in the viscosity of the cream and ointment. While FO3 was the most viscous formulation, FC1 had the least viscosity [Table 4]. The values of the spreadability indicated that the MI extracts formulation were easily spreadable by a small amount of shear. Formulation FC3 gave the highest value for spreadability [Table 5]. The skin irritation study was performed on male albino rats. This test is significant as it gives an idea about the emollient properties of the prepared formulations against the skin irritation caused by MI seed extract. The results of skin irritation were assessed by visual inspection. They are given in [Table 6]. The parameter of formulation such as color, texture, Spreadability, pH, phase separation, skin irritation and viscosity were satisfactory and acceptable for all formulation [Table 7]. Results obtained from the antimicrobial study showed that all developed formulations have an inhibitory effect on the S. aureus. The in vitro antimicrobial activities were calculated in term of the zone of inhibition diameter (cm) the result recorded in [Table 8]. FO3 showed the higher zone of inhibition against S. aureus, C. albicans, E. coli, M. smegmatis. Formulation FC1, FC2, FC3 of cream have lesser zone of inhibition compared with FO1, FO2 and FO3 of ointment.
Table 4: Viscosity of creams and ointments formulated with Mangifera indica

Click here to view
Table 5: Observations of the spreadability of Mangifera indica extracts formulation

Click here to view
Table 6: Observation from skin irritation study

Click here to view
Table 7: Accelerated stability studies of Mangifera indica extracts formulation

Click here to view
Table 8: Anti-microbial activity of pharmaceutical formulation for microorganism with agar well diffusion method

Click here to view



  Conclusion Top


This study shows that MI has high potential as antimicrobial agent when formulated as ointment and creams for topical use and could, therefore, explain the successes claimed in the folk use of the plant in the treatment of common skin conditions. Among the Prepared Formulation Batches, FO3 showed the higher zone of inhibition against S. aureus, C. albicans, E. coli, M. smegmatis. Formulation FC1, FC2, FC3 of cream have lesser zone of inhibition compared with FO1, FO2, and FO3 of ointment. The formulated formulations showed acceptable physical properties, and hence, were compatible with the skin. In addition, the formulated formulations passed the short-term stability, indicating the physical and chemical stability of the product. Hence, the formulated formulations of the MI were safe and efficient carriers, with potent antimicrobial activity.

 
  References Top

1.
Schulz V, Hansel R, Tyler VE. Rational Phytotherapy. A Physician′s Guide to Herbal Medicine. 4 th ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2001.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Bannerman RB, Buton J, Chieh CW. Traditional Medicine and Health Care Coverage. Africa: World Health Organization; 1983. p. 9-13.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Momin A. Role of Indigenous Medicine in Primary Health Care. 1 st International Seminar on Unani Medicine, New Delhi; 1983. p. 54.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Alalor CA, Igwilo CI, Jeroh E. Evaluation of the antibacterial properties of aqueous and methanol extracts of Cassia alata. J Pharm Allied Health Sci 2012;2:40-6.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Carter SJ. Cooper and Gunn′s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students: Ointments, Pastes and Jellies. 12 th ed. India: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 1983. p. 192-210.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Daniels R, Knie U. Galenics of dermal products - vehicles, properties and drug release. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007;5:367-83.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Scartezzini P, Speroni E. Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;71:23-43.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Ross JA. Medicinal Plants of the World. New Jersey: Human Press Inc.; 1999. p. 199.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Vaghasiya Y, Patel H, Chanda S. Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indica L. Seeds against some hu-man pathogenic bacterial strains. Afr J Biotechnol 2011;10:15788-94.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Gaikwad DD, Banerjee SK. Development and evaluation of herbal gel formulation of Mangifera indica linn extract. Int J Res Pharm Sci 2013;4:260-5.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Chhabra SC, Uiso FC, Mshiu EN. Phytochemical screening of Tanzanian medicinal plants. I. J Ethnopharmacol 1984;11:157-79.  Back to cited text no. 11
[PUBMED]    
12.
Sofowora A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicines in Africa. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.; 1982.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Gupta GD, Ground RS. Release rate of nimesulide from different gellants. Indian J Pharm Sci 1999;61:229-34.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Mohamed MI. Optimization of chlorphenesin emulgel formulation. AAPS J 2004;6:e26.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Wood JH, Catacalos G, Lieberman SV. Adaptation of commercial viscometers for special applications in pharmaceutical rheology. II. Severs extrusion rheometer. J Pharm Sci 1963;52:375-8.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Shivhar UD, Jain KB, Mathur VB. Formulation development and evaluation of diclofenac sodium gel using water soluble Poly acrylamide polymer. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 2009;4:285-90.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). "Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests," 21 st Informational Supplement, CLSI Document M100-S21. Vol. 31. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2011.  Back to cited text no. 17
    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7], [Table 8]


This article has been cited by
1 In-situ oligomerization of lactic acid within broiler skin extracted elastin/collagen matrix for the efficacy of ointment base
Meseret Ewunetu Kibret, Tatek Temesgen Terfasa, Melakuu Tesfaye Alemea
Heliyon. 2022; 8(8): e10346
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 A Review of Moisturizers; History, Preparation, Characterization and Applications
Saeid Mezail Mawazi, Jo Ann, Noordin Othman, Jiyauddin Khan, Sultan Othman Alolayan, Sultan S. Al thagfan, Mohammed Kaleemullah
Cosmetics. 2022; 9(3): 61
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Formulation and in-vitro Evaluation of Topical Antimicrobial Preparation
Ganesh Bharskar, Suhas Siddheshwar
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2022; : 19
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Parthenium-Turmeric ointment: A novel approach for excision wound healing on rabbits
Ayon Dutta, Dipanjana Ash, Animesh Roy, Piyali Khamkat, Abhishek Ghosh
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; : 293
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5  In vitro preparation of biosurfactant based herbal-nano topical ointment from Tridax procumbens infused oil using gelatin stabilized silver nanoparticle and its efficacy on fibroblastic cell lines
Lavanya Kubendiran,Sowmiya Theerthagiri,Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi,Senthilkumar Palaninaicker,Shivakumar Muthugoundar Subramanian,Venkatesan Srinivasan,Ponmurugan Karuppiah
Applied Nanoscience. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 The effect of henna and linseed herbal ointment blend on wound healing in rats with second-degree burns
Saeed Naseri,Mojtaba Golpich,Tohid Roshancheshm,Mohammad Ghadimi Joobeni,Moein Khodayari,Salar Noori,Seyyed Asghar Zahed,Sara Razzaghi,Mohammad Shirzad,Farhad Saber Salavat,Seyede Simin Dakhilpour
Burns. 2020;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Extract of Mangifera indica L. leaves may reduce biofilms of Staphylococcus spp. in stainless steel and teatcup rubbers
Andressa GB Manzur,Valdo SM Junior,Franciellen Morais-Costa,Emanuelly GA Mariano,Roberta T Careli,Lívia MV da Silva,Sandra G Coelho,Anna C de Almeida,Eduardo R Duarte
Food Science and Technology International. 2020; 26(1): 11
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 A topical ointment formulation containing leaves extract of Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb., accelerates excision, incision and burn wound healing in rats
Debjit Ghosh,Sumanta Mondal,K. Ramakrishna
Wound Medicine. 2019; : 100168
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Phytomedicines containing Matricaria species for the treatment of skin diseases: A biotechnological approach
Damaris Silva dos Santos,Rosana de Souza Siqueira Barreto,Mairim Russo Serafini,Daniele Nascimento Gouveia,Raquel Souza Marques,Laranda de Carvalho Nascimento,Jéssica de Carvalho Nascimento,Adriana Gibara Guimarães
Fitoterapia. 2019; 138: 104267
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 NADES-MEDIATED FOLK PLANT EXTRACTS AS NOVEL ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS AGAINST Candida albicans
Magdalena Espino,Manuel Solari,María de los Ángeles Fernández,Joana Boiteux,María Roxana Gómez,María Fernanda Silva
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2019;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 The standard aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. inhibits toxic PLA2 – NN-XIb-PLA2 of Indian cobra venom
Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya,Shivalingaiah Sudarshan,Yashad Dongol,Sunil S. More
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016; 24(3): 371
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
   Abstract
  Introduction
   Materials and me...
   Results and disc...
  Conclusion
   References
   Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed7623    
    Printed175    
    Emailed1    
    PDF Downloaded1066    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 11    

Recommend this journal