|
 |
| REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2011 | Volume
: 2
| Issue : 3 | Page : 138-143 |
|
|
Transferosomes - A vesicular transdermal delivery system for enhanced drug permeation
Reshmy Rajan, Shoma Jose, VP Biju Mukund, Deepa T Vasudevan
Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Healthcare Campus, Kochi, India
| Date of Web Publication | 29-Sep-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
Reshmy Rajan
Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (Amrita School of Pharmacy), AIMS Healthcare Campus, Kochi - 682 041, Kerala
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.85524
 Abstract | | |
Transdermal administration of drugs is generally limited by the barrier function of the skin. Vesicular systems are one of the most controversial methods for transdermal delivery of active substances. The interest in designing transdermal delivery systems was relaunched after the discovery of elastic vesicles like transferosomes, ethosomes, cubosomes, phytosomes, etc. This paper presents the composition, mechanisms of penetration, manufacturing and characterization methods of transferosomes as transdermal delivery systems of active substances. For a drug to be absorbed and distributed into organs and tissues and eliminated from the body, it must pass through one or more biological membranes/barriers at various locations. Such a movement of drug across the membrane is called as drug transport. For the drugs to be delivered to the body, they should cross the membranous barrier. The concept of these delivery systems was designed in an attempt to concentrate the drug in the tissues of interest, while reducing the amount of drug in the remaining tissues. Hence, surrounding tissues are not affected by the drug. In addition, loss of drug does not happen due to localization of drug, leading to get maximum efficacy of the medication. Therefore, the phospholipid based carrier systems are of considerable interest in this era. Keywords: Lecithin, stratum corneum, surfactant, transferosomes, vesicles
How to cite this article:
Rajan R, Jose S, Biju Mukund V P, Vasudevan DT. Transferosomes - A vesicular transdermal delivery system for enhanced drug permeation. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2011;2:138-43 |
How to cite this URL:
Rajan R, Jose S, Biju Mukund V P, Vasudevan DT. Transferosomes - A vesicular transdermal delivery system for enhanced drug permeation. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 Aug 15];2:138-43. Available from: https://www.japtr.org/text.asp?2011/2/3/138/85524 |
| Introduction | |  |
Liposomes and niosomes are the vesicular carrier systems which have received a lot of attention over the last decades as a means of transdermal drug delivery. Researchers have understood the properties of vesicles structures for use in better drug delivery within their cavities, which would to tag the vesicles for cell specificity. The reason for using vesicles in transdermal drug delivery is based on the fact that they act as drug carriers to deliver entrapped drug molecules across the skin, as well as penetration enhancers because of their composition. [1] In addition, these vesicles serve as a depot for the sustained release of active compounds in the case of topical formulations, as well as rate limiting membrane barrier for the modulation of systemic absorption in the case of transdermal formulations. The vesicles have been well known for their importance in cellular communication and particle transportation for many years.
Liposomal formulations can be classified into two categories: Rigid vesicles liposomes and niosomes and elastic or ultra deformable vesicles-transferosomes and ethosomes. [2]
Disadvantages of liposomes and niosomes are the following:
- They are not suitable for transdermal delivery because they cannot reach the deeper layers of the skin as they are trapped in the superior layers of stratum corneum.
- Though vesicular systems assure targeted delivery, in most cases the liposomal or niosomal category vesicles do not achieve the desired transdermal penetration. [3],[4],[5],[6]
A new vesicular derivative, the "transferosomes", has paved the way to minimize the defective transdermal permeation of a number of low and high molecular weight drugs, [7] which has been found to be one of the major advancement in vesicle research.
Transferosomes are a special type of liposomes, consisting of phosphatidylcholine and an edge activator. They are soft malleable vesicles tailored for enhanced delivery of active agents. [8] They are registered by a German company IDEA AG and used by it to refer to its proprietary drug delivery technology. The name means 'carrying body' and is derived from the Latin word 'transfere' meaning 'to carry across' and the Greek word 'soma' for a 'body'.
[Figure 1] describes the structure of a transferosome. A transferosome carrier is an artificial vesicle designed to be like a cell vesicle or a cell engaged in exocytosis and thus suitable for controlled and potentially targeted drug delivery. Transferosome is a highly adaptable, stress responsive, complex aggregate. Its preferred form is an ultra-deformable vesicle possessing an aqueous core surrounded by the complex lipid bilayer. Interdependency of local composition and shape of the bilayer makes the vesicle both self regulating and self optimizing. This enables the transferosomes to cross various transport barriers efficiently and then act as a drug carrier for non-invasive targeted drug delivery and sustained release of therapeutic agents. One of the most controversial methods for drug transport across the skin is the use of vesicle formulation as skin delivery systems.
| Uses and Advantages of Transferosomes | | |
Transferosomes possess an infrastructure consisting of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties together and as a result can accommodate drug molecules with a wide range of solubility. Transferosomes can deform and pass through narrow constriction (from 5 to 10 times less than their own diameter) without measurable loss. [9],[10] This high deformability gives better penetration of intact vesicles.
Transferosomes are self aggregates, with an ultra flexible membrane which delivers the drug reproducibly into or through the skin. These vesicular vesicles are several orders of magnitude more elastic than the standard liposomes. Transferosomes overcome the skin penetration difficulty by squeezing themselves along the intracellular sealing lipids of the stratum corneum. [10] The concept of transferosomes as a carrier for transdermal delivery was first developed by Cevc and coworkers, in 1992. [11] Since then, many investigations have been carried out on transferosomes and their possible application as drug carriers. Delivery of peptides by transferosomes provides a very successful means for the non-invasive therapeutic use of large molecular weight drugs like insulin on the skin. Hafer et al. studied the formulation of interleukin 2 and interferon a containing transferosomes for potential transdermal application.
Transferosomes for potential transdermal application, contain a mixture of lipids and biocompatible membrane softeners. The optimal mixture leads to flexibility of the elastic liposomal membranes and to the possibility of penetration through channels of the skin, which are opened by the carriers. Transferosome is a supramolecular entity that can pass through a permeability barrier and there by transport material from the application to the destination site. These are more elastic than the standard liposomes and therefore are used as a novel carrier for effective transdermal drug delivery. [10],[11] They have easily deformable properties which make them easily squeeze out from the stratum corneum and the mechanism for penetration is the generation of 'osmotic gradient' due to the evaporation of water while applying the lipid suspension (transferosomes) on the skin surface. [10] Transferosomes penetrate the stratum corneum by either intracellular route or transcellular route. [7],[9],[10] With the excellent distribution properties of transferosomes, they have been widely used as a carrier for various proteins, anti cancer drugs, anti fungal drugs, analgesics, anaesthetics, corticosteroids, sex hormone, insulin, albumin etc. [5],[10],[12]
They are biocompatible and biodegradable as they are made from natural phospholipids similar to liposomes. They have high entrapment efficiency, which is nearly 90% in the case of lipophilic drug. They protect the encapsulated drug from metabolic degradation. [12],[13] They act as depot, releasing their contents slowly and gradually. They can be used for both systemic as well as topical delivery of drugs. Thus, the complex lipid molecules, transferosomes, can increase the transdermal flux, prolong the release and improve the site specificity of bioactive molecules.
| Composition and Mechanism | | |
A transferosome is a self-adaptable and optimized mixed lipid aggregate.
The surfactant molecules act as "edge activators", conferring ultra deformability on the transferosomes, which reportedly allows them to squeeze through channels in the stratum corneum that are less than one-tenth the diameter of the transferosome. According to their inventors, where liposomes are too large to pass through pores of less than 50 nm in size, transferosomes up to 500 nm can squeeze through to penetrate the stratum corneum barrier spontaneously. [14] They suggest that the driving force for penetration into the skin is the "transdermal gradient" caused by the difference in water content between the relatively dehydrated skin surface (approximately 20% water) and the aqueous viable epidermis (close to 100%).
Deformability of transferosomes is achieved by using surface active agent in the proper ratio. The concentration of surface active agent is crucial in the formulation of transferosomes because at sublytic concentration these agents provide flexibility to vesicle membranes and at higher concentration cause destruction of vesicles. [15] The resulting flexibility of transferosomal membrane minimizes the risk of complete vesicle rupture in the skin and allows the ultra deformable transferosomes to change their membrane composition locally and reversibly, when they are pressed against or attracted into a narrow pore. This dramatically lowers the energetic cost of membrane deformation and permits the resulting highly flexible particles first to enter and then pass through the pores rapidly and efficiently.
The carrier aggregate is composed of at least one amphiphat (such as phosphatidylcholine) [16] which in aqueous solvent self resembles into lipid bilayer that closes into a simple lipid vesicle. By addition of at least one bilayer softening component (such as a biocompatible surfactant or an amphiphilic drug), lipid bilayer flexibility and permeation are greatly increased. Thus, by optimizing the resulting flexibility and permeability, the transferosome vesicles can adapt to their ambient shape easily and rapidly. Thus, they can also adjust the local concentration of each bilayer component to the local stress experienced by the bilayer. The basic organization of these vesicles is broadly similar to liposomes. [17] But the transferosomes differ from the conventional vesicles primarily by their softer, more deformable, and better adjustable artificial membrane.
Another beneficial consequence of strong bilayer deformability is the increased transferosome ability to bind and retain water. An ultradeformable and highly hydrophilic vesicle always seeks to avoid dehydration; this may involve a transport process related to, but not identical with, forward osmosis. For example, a transferosome vesicle applied on an open biological surface, such as non-occluded skin, tends to penetrate its barrier and migrate into the water-rich deeper strata to secure its adequate hydration. Barrier penetration involves reversible bilayer deformation, but must not compromise unacceptably either the vesicle integrity or the barrier properties for the underlying hydration affinity and gradient to remain in place. Since it is too large to diffuse through the skin, the transferosome needs to find and enforce its own route through the organ. The transferosomes usage in drug delivery consequently relies on the carrier's ability to widen and overcome the hydrophilic pores in the skin or some other barrier. The subsequent, gradual agent release from the drug carrier allows the drug molecules to diffuse and finally bind to their target. Drug transport to an intracellular action site may also involve the carrier's lipid bilayer fusion with the cell membrane, unless the vesicle is taken up actively by the cell in the process called endocytosis. [1],[7],[11]
Mechanism of Penetration of Transferosomes
Transferosomes, when applied under suitable condition, can transfer 0.1 mg of lipid per hour and square centimeter area across the intact skin. This value is substantially higher than that typically driven by the transdermal concentration gradients. The reason for this high flux rate is naturally occurring "transdermal osmotic gradients", i.e. another much more prominent gradient is available across the skin. This osmotic gradient that is developed due to the skin penetration barrier prevents water loss through the skin and maintains a water activity difference in the viable part of the epidermis (75% water content) and nearly completely dry stratum corneum near to the skin surface (15% water content). [14],[17],[18] This gradient is very stable because ambient air is a perfect sink for the water molecule even when the transdermal water loss is unphysiologically high. All polar lipids attract some water. This is due to the energetically favorable interaction between the hydrophilic lipid residues and their proximal water. Thus, most lipid bilayers spontaneously resist an induced dehydration. Consequently, all lipid vesicles made from the polar lipid vesicles move from the rather dry location to the sites with a sufficiently high water concentration. So, when lipid suspension (transferosome) is placed on the skin surface that is partly dehydrated by the water evaporation loss, the lipid vesicles feel this "osmotic gradient" and try to escape complete drying by moving along this gradient. They can only achieve this if they are sufficiently deformable to pass through the narrow pores in the skin because transferosomes composed of surfactant have more suitable rheological and hydration properties than that responsible for their greater deformability; less deformable vesicles including standard liposomes are confined to the skin surface, where they dehydrate completely and fuse, so they have less penetration power than the transferosome. Transferosomes are optimized in this respect and thus attain maximum flexibility, so they can take full advantage of the transepidermal osmotic gradient (water concentration gradient). Transferosomes overcome the skin penetration difficulty by squeezing themselves along the intracellular sealing lipids of stratum corneum. [19]
At present, the mechanism of enhancing the delivery of active substances in and across the skin is not very well known. Two mechanisms of action have been proposed: [20]
- Transferosomes act as drug vectors, remaining intact after entering the skin.
- Transferosomes act as penetration enhancers, disrupting the highly organized intercellular lipids from stratum corneum, and therefore facilitating the drug molecule penetration in and across the stratum corneum.
Cevc and coworkers proposed the first mechanism, suggesting that deformable liposomes penetrate the stratum corneum because of the transdermal hydration gradient normally existing in the skin, and then cross the epidermis, and enter the systemic circulation. The recent studies propose that the penetration and permeation of the vesicles across the skin are due to the combination of the two mechanisms. Depending on the nature of the active substance (lipophilic or hydrophilic) and the composition of the transferosomes, one of the two mechanisms prevails. [21]
| Method of Preparation | | |
Phospholipids, surfactants and the drug are dissolved in alcohol. The organic solvent is then removed by rotary evaporation [22],[23] under reduced pressure at 40°C. [24],[25] Final traces of solvent are removed under vacuum. The deposited lipid film is hydrated with the appropriate buffer by rotation at 60 rpm for 1 hour at room temperature. The resulting vesicles are swollen for 2 hours at room temperature. The multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV) are then sonicated at room temperature to get small vesicles [Table 1]. [16],[18],[26]
| Stability of Transferosomes | | |
Transferosomes are chemically unstable because of their predisposition to oxidative degradation. Purity of natural phospholipids is another criterion militating against adoption of transferosomes as drug delivery vehicles. Transferosome formulations are expensive.
| Characterization | | |
- Visualization of transferosomes can be performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). [23]
- Particle size and size distribution can be determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). [23],[24]
- The drug entrapment efficiency by transferosomes can be measured by the ultracentrifugation technique.
- Vesicle stability can be determined by assessing the size and structure of the vesicles over time, and drug content can be quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or Spectrophotometric methods.
- In vitro drug release can be measured using a diffusion cell or a dialysis method [Table 2]. [27],[28]
- Propensity of penetration [29]
- The magnitude of the transport driving force, of course, also plays an important role:
Flow = Area × (Barrier) Permeability × (Trans-barrier) force.
Therefore, the chemically driven lipid flow across the skin always decreases dramatically when lipid solution is replaced by some amount of lipids in a suspension.
Encapsulation efficiency is expressed as the percent of drug trapped: [27]
| Safety Considerations | | |
Phospholipid suspensions comprising liposomes have been reported to be harmless and non-irritating to the skin after repeated epicutaneous administration; they may even have additional advantageous cosmetic effect. The main component of transferosomes is typically soya phosphatidylcholine of greater than 95% purity, which is generally regarded as safe because it has been already in use as an emulsifier in Microemulsion for the parenteral nutrition and is also used in injectable drug information. [28] In light of these data, one can expect the transferosome product to be very safe from the carrier point of view. [28]
| Conclusion | | |
The use of the transdermal route has been well established in the past, and because of its inherent advantages, new methods for transdermal delivery are continuously being developed. The introduction of ultradeformable vesicles, transferosomes, will thus surely become an important step in relaunching the researches regarding the use of vesicles as transdermal drug delivery systems. In comparison to other transdermal delivery systems, the use of elastic vesicles has certain advantages: They allow enhanced permeation of drug through skin; their composition is safe and the components are approved for pharmaceutical and cosmetic use; they can increase the transdermal flux, prolonging the release and improving the site specificity of bioactive molecules; they can accommodate drug molecules with a wide range of solubility.
Hence, enhanced delivery of bioactive molecules through the skin by means of an ultradeformable vesicular carrier opens new challenges and opportunities for the development of novel improved therapies. Thus, it could be concluded that the new ultra flexible drug carrier (transferosome) can overcome all the problems associated with the transdermal delivery as transferosomes itself are specially optimized vesicles having the capability of responding to an external stress by rapid and energetically inexpensive shape transformations.
| Future Perspectives | | |
The high tolerability and efficiency of these vesicular systems open vast potential therapeutic uses. These nanocarriers might offer advanced local and systemic new therapies with agents that are unable to efficiently penetrate the stratum corneum via passive diffusion. The non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ketoprofen, in a transferosome formulation gained marketing approval by the Swiss regulatory agency (SwissMedic). The product is expected to be marketed under the trademark Diractin. Further therapeutic products based on the transferosome technology, according to IDEA AG, are in clinical development.
| References | | |
| 1. | Vyas SP, Khar RK. Targeted and controlled drug delivery. 1st Ed Delhi: CBS Publishers; 2002. p. 219-43. 
|
| 2. | Jain S, Umamaheshwari RB, Bhadra D, Jain NK. Ethosomes: A novel vesicular carrier for enhanced transdermal delivery of an anti-HIV agent. Indian J Pharm Sci 2004;66:72-81.
 |
| 3. | Kumar R, Philip A. Modified Transdermal Technologies: Breaking the barriers of drug permeation via skin. Trop J Pharm Res 2007;6:633-44.
|
| 4. | Chien YW. Logics of transdermal controlled drug administration. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1983;9:497-520.
|
| 5. | Nandha A, Nandha S, Dhall M, Rao R. Transferosomes: A novel Ultra deformable vesicular carrier for transdermal drug delivery. Pharma Info Net, October 2005. p. 395.
|
| 6. | Cevc G. Drug delivery across the skin. Exp Opin Investig Drugs 1997;6:1887-973.
|
| 7. | Langer R. Transdermal drug delivery: Past progress, current status, and future prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004;56:557-8.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 8. | Cevc G, Blume G. New, highly efficient formulation of diclofenac for the topical, transdermal administration in ultra-deformable drug carriers. Transfersomes Biochem Biophys Acta 2001;1514:191-205.
|
| 9. | Jain NK. Advances in controlled and novel drug delivery. Vol. 1 426-51.
|
| 10. | Verma P, Ram A, Jha AK, Mishra A, Thakur A. Phosphatidylcholine: A revolution in drug delivery technology. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2010.
|
| 11. | Jain CP, Vyas SP, Dixit VK. Niosomal system for delivery of rifampicin to lymphatics. Int J Pharma Sci 2006;68:5758.
|
| 12. | Chien YW. Novel drug delivery systems. New York: Marcel Decker Inc; 1982. p. 149-215.
|
| 13. | Nanda A, Nanda S, Dhall M, Rao R. Transferosomes - A novel ultra-deformable vesicular carrier for transdermal. Drug Deliv 2005;5:395.
|
| 14. | Chuanping N. College of pharmacy liaoning medical university. preparation and study on properties of ibuprofen transferosomes. J Math Med 2010. p. 2.
|
| 15. | Shen Y, Zhang Y, Liao Ming. Preparation and quality evaluation of drug loading transferosomes. Med J Chin People's Liberation Army 2007. p. 10.
|
| 16. | Duangjit S, Opanasopit P, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T. Characterization and In vitro Skin Permeation of Meloxicam- loaded liposomes versus Transferosomes. J Drug Deliv 2011;5:207-14.
|
| 17. | Cevc G, Blume G. Lipid vesicles penetrate into intact skin owing to the transdermal osmotic gradients and hydration force. Biochem Biophys Acta 1992;1104:226-32.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 18. | Jain S, Jain P, Umamaheshwari RB, Jain NK. Transferosomes: A novel vesicular carrier for enhanced transdermal delivery: Development, characterization and performance evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003;29:1013-26.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 19. | Benson HA. Transdermal drug delivery: Penetration enhancement techniques. Curr Drug Deliv 2005;2:23-33.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 20. | Maurya SD, Agarwal S, Tilak VK, Dhakar RC, Singh A, Maurya G. Enhanced transdermal delivery of indinavir Sulfate via transferosomes, Int J Compr Pharm 2010;1:1-7.
|
| 21. | Sheo DM, Shwetha A, Ram CD, Ghanshyam M, Girish K, Sunil KP. Transferosomes - A novel vesicular carrier for enhanced Transdermal delivery of stavudine: Development, characterization and performance evaluation. J Sci Speculations Resea 2010;130-6.
|
| 22. | Patel R, Singh, Singh S, Sheth NK, Gendle R. Development and characterization of curcumin loaded transferosomes for transdermal Delivery. J Pharm Sci Res 2009;1:271-80.
|
| 23. | Pandey S, Goyani M, Dev MV, Fakir J. Transferosomes: A novel approach of transdermal drug Deliv Sch Res Libr 2009;1:143-50.
|
| 24. | Boinpally RR, Zhou SL, Poondru S, Devraj G, Jasti BR. Lecithin vesicles for topical delivery of diclofenac. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003;56:389-92.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 25. | Cevc G. Material transport across permeability barriers by means of lipid vesicles. R. Lipowsky, E Sackmann (Editors.). Handbook of physics of biological systems. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1995. p. 441-64.
|
| 26. | Singodia D, Gupta GK, Verma A, Singh V, Shukla P, Mishra P, et al. Development and performance evaluation of amphotericin B transferosomes against resistant and sensitive clinical isolates of visceral leishmaniasis. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2010;6:293-302.
|
| 27. | Jain S, Umamaheshwari RB, Bhadra D, Tripathi P, Jain P, Jain NK. Ultra deformable liposomes: A recent tool for 78okffective transdermal drug delivery. Indian J Pharm Sci 2003;65:223-31.
|
| 28. | Barry B. Transdermal drug delivery. In: Aulton EM. (editor). Pharmaceutics, The science of dosage forms design, 2nd ed, Churchill Livingstone, Newyork: Harcourt Publishers; 2002. p. 499-33.
|
| 29. | Cevc G. Transfersomes, liposomes and other lipid suspensions on the skin: Permeation enhancement, vesicle penetration, and transdermal drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Career Syst 1996;13:257-388.
|
[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Exploration of Microneedle-assisted Skin Delivery of Cyanocobalamin formulated in Ultraflexible Lipid Vesicles |
|
| Antonio José Guillot, Pablo Merino, Andrea Bocchino, Conor O'Mahony, Rosa Mª Giner, Mª Carmen Recio, Teresa M Garrigues, Ana Melero | | European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Recent advances in Bio-conjugated nanocarriers for crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier in (pre-)clinical studies with an emphasis on vesicles |
|
| Alireza Poustforoosh, Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi, Hassan Hashemipour, Abbas Pardakhty | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Lipid-based nanoparticulate delivery systems for HER2-positive breast cancer immunotherapy |
|
| Nima Behravan, Fatemeh Zahedipour, Mahmoud Reza Jaafari, Thomas P. Johnston, Amirhossein Sahebkar | | Life Sciences. 2022; 291: 120294 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Designing, optimization and characterization of Trifluralin transfersomal gel to passively target cutaneous leishmaniasis |
|
| Atif Ullah Khan, Humzah Jamshaid, Fakhar ud Din, Alam Zeb, Gul Majid Khan | | Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Amalgamated Microneedle Array Bearing Ribociclib-Loaded Transfersomes Eradicates Breast Cancer via CD44 Targeting |
|
| Madhu Sharma, Naresh Mittapelly, Venkatesh Teja Banala, Sandeep Urandur, Shalini Gautam, Disha Marwaha, Nikhil Rai, Neha Singh, Ashutosh Gupta, Kalyan Mitra, Prabhat Ranjan Mishra | | Biomacromolecules. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
The recent development of topical nanoparticles for annihilating skin cancer |
|
| Dnyanesh Saindane, Sankha Bhattacharya, Rahul Shah, Bhupendra G. Prajapati | | All Life. 2022; 15(1): 843 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Transfersomes: a Revolutionary Nanosystem for Efficient Transdermal Drug Delivery |
|
| Muhammad Waseem Akram, Humzah Jamshaid, Fiza Ur Rehman, Muhammad Zaeem, Jehan zeb Khan, Ahmad Zeb | | AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022; 23(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Spanlastics a Novel Nanovesicular Carrier: Its Potential Application and Emerging Trends in Therapeutic Delivery |
|
| Mohd Danish Ansari, Zoya Saifi, Jayamanti Pandit, Iram Khan, Pavitra Solanki, Yasmin Sultana, Mohd Aqil | | AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022; 23(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Glimpse into the Cellular Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking of Lipid-
Based Nanoparticles in Cancer Cells |
|
| Elham Kamal Kazemi, Fereydoon Abedi-Gaballu, Tala Farid Mohammad Hosseini, Ali Mohammadi, Behzad Mansoori, Gholamreza Dehghan, Behzad Baradaran, Nader Sheibani | | Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2022; 22(10): 1897 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Options to Improve the Action of PROTACs in Cancer: Development of Controlled Delivery Nanoparticles |
|
| Alberto Juan, María del Mar Noblejas-López, María Arenas-Moreira, Carlos Alonso-Moreno, Alberto Ocaña | | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2022; 9 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Preparation and Optimization of an Ultraflexible Liposomal Gel for Lidocaine Transdermal Delivery |
|
| Mengwei Sun, Ositomiwa O. Osipitan, Ewa K. Sulicz, Anthony J. Di Pasqua | | Materials. 2022; 15(14): 4895 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Novasomes as Nano-Vesicular Carriers to Enhance Topical Delivery of Fluconazole: A New Approach to Treat Fungal Infections |
|
| Iman Fatima, Akhtar Rasul, Shahid Shah, Malik Saadullah, Nayyer Islam, Ahmed Khames, Ahmad Salawi, Muhammad Masood Ahmed, Yosif Almoshari, Ghulam Abbas, Mohammad A. S. Abourehab, Sajid Mehmood Khan, Zunera Chauhdary, Meshal Alshamrani, Nader Ibrahim Namazi, Demiana M. Naguib | | Molecules. 2022; 27(9): 2936 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Development of Stable Nano-Sized Transfersomes as a Rectal Colloid for Enhanced Delivery of Cannabidiol |
|
| Thope Moqejwa, Thashree Marimuthu, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara | | Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(4): 703 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Transdermal Glipizide Delivery System Based on Chitosan-Coated Deformable Liposomes: Development, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Studies |
|
| Mohamed M. Badran, Nadia N. Alouny, Basmah N. Aldosari, Ahlam M. Alhusaini, Amal El Sayeh Abou El Ela | | Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(4): 826 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Transethosomes: A Breakthrough System for Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery |
|
| Jawad Ali, Reesha Raza, Sibgha Ameen, Anam Arshad, Fauzia Karim, Muhammad Waseem Akram, Lubna Shakir | | Pakistan BioMedical Journal. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
A Novel Chitosan Nanosponge as a Vehicle for Transepidermal Drug Delivery |
|
| Jin Sil Lee,Hyeryeon Oh,Sunghyun Kim,Jeung-Hoon Lee,Yong Chul Shin,Won Il Choi | | Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(9): 1329 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Phytosomes as an Emerging Nanotechnology Platform for the Topical Delivery of Bioactive Phytochemicals |
|
| Waleed S. Alharbi,Fahad A. Almughem,Alshaimaa M. Almehmady,Somayah J. Jarallah,Wijdan K. Alsharif,Nouf M. Alzahrani,Abdullah A. Alshehri | | Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(9): 1475 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Nanocarrier-Based Approaches for the Efficient Delivery of Anti-Tubercular Drugs and Vaccines for Management of Tuberculosis |
|
| Amarjitsing Rajput, Satish Mandlik, Varsha Pokharkar | | Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Elastic and Ultradeformable Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) |
|
| Eliana B. Souto,Ana S. Macedo,João Dias-Ferreira,Amanda Cano,Aleksandra Zielinska,Carla M. Matos | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(18): 9743 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Formulation of Liposomes Containing Royal Jelly and Their Quality Assessment |
|
| Kristina Perminaite,Anna Maria Fadda,Chiara Sinico,Kristina Ramanauskiene | | Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2021; 21(5): 2841 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Nanotechnology based solutions for anti-leishmanial impediments: a detailed insight |
|
| Humzah Jamshaid,Fakhar ud Din,Gul Majid Khan | | Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021; 19(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery systems: a review |
|
| Woo Yeup Jeong,Mina Kwon,Hye Eun Choi,Ki Su Kim | | Biomaterials Research. 2021; 25(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Fluvastatin-Loaded Emulsomes Exhibit Improved Cytotoxic and Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells |
|
| Nabil A. Alhakamy,Shaimaa M. Badr-Eldin,Hibah M. Aldawsari,Anas Alfarsi,Thikryat Neamatallah,Solomon Z. Okbazghi,Usama A. Fahmy,Osama A.A. Ahmad,Basma G. Eid,Wael Ali Mahdi,Adel F. Alghaith,Sultan Alshehri,Shadab Md | | AAPS PharmSciTech. 2021; 22(5) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Vesicular drug delivery for the treatment of topical disorders: current and future perspectives |
|
| Bwalya A Witika,Larry L Mweetwa,Kabo O Tshiamo,Karen Edler,Scott K Matafwali,Pascal V Ntemi,Melissa T R Chikukwa,Pedzisai A Makoni | | Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
The impact of chemical engineering and technological advances on managing diabetes: present and future concepts |
|
| Sabine Szunerits,Sorin Melinte,Alexandre Barras,Quentin Pagneux,Anna Voronova,Amar Abderrahmani,Rabah Boukherroub | | Chemical Society Reviews. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Drug delivery systems for the treatment of psoriasis: current status and prospects |
|
| S.L. Jyothi,K.L. Krishna,V.K. Ameena Shirin,Renu Sankar,K. Pramod,H.V. Gangadharappa | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2021; : 102364 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Nanovesicles delivery approach for targeting steroid mediated mechanism of antipsoriatic therapeutics |
|
| Krishna Yadav,Deependra Singh,Manju Rawat Singh | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2021; 65: 102688 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Relating transdermal delivery plasma pharmacokinetics with in vitro permeation test (IVPT) findings using diffusion and compartment-in-series models |
|
| Xin Liu,Yuri G. Anissimov,Jeffrey E. Grice,Hanumanth Srikanth Cheruvu,Priyanka Ghosh,Sam G. Raney,Howard I. Maibach,Michael S. Roberts | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2021; 334: 37 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives |
|
| Akeemat O. Tijani,Divya Thakur,Dhruv Mishra,Dorcas Frempong,Umeh I. Chukwunyere,Ashana Puri | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2021; 334: 427 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
FORMULATION AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF NANO-TRANSFEROSOMES USING PIOGLITAZONE AND EPROSARTAN MESYLATE FOR CONCOMITANT THERAPY AGAINST DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION |
|
| S. Ramkanth,P. Anitha,R. Gayathri,S. Mohan,Dinesh Babu | | European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; : 105811 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Formulation development and in vitro–in vivo assessment of protransfersomal gel of anti-resorptive drug in osteoporosis treatment |
|
| Suman Gyanewali,Prashant Kesharwani,Afsana Sheikh,Farhan Jalees Ahmad,Ritu Trivedi,Sushama Talegaonkar | | International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021; 608: 121060 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Mapping hair follicle-targeted delivery by particle systems: What has science accomplished so far? |
|
| Cristiana Costa, Artur Cavaco-Paulo, Teresa Matamá | | International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021; 610: 121273 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Recent advancements in liposome technology |
|
| Nina Filipczak,Jiayi Pan,Satya Siva Kishan Yalamarty,Vladimir P. Torchilin | | Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Magnetically-orientable Tween-based model membranes for NMR studies of proteins |
|
| Andrée E. Gravel,Alexandre A. Arnold,Matthieu Fillion,Michèle Auger,Dror E. Warschawski,Isabelle Marcotte | | Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 2020; 1862(10): 183379 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Ammonium glycyrrhizate skin delivery from ultradeformable liposomes: a novel use as an anti-inflammatory agent in topical drug delivery |
|
| Antonella Barone,Maria Chiara Cristiano,Felisa Cilurzo,Marcello Locatelli,Dalila Iannotta,Luisa Di Marzio,Christian Celia,Donatella Paolino | | Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2020; : 111152 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Whatæs new in the field of phospholipid vesicular nanocarriers for skin drug delivery |
|
| Francesco Lai,Carla Caddeo,Maria Letizia Manca,Maria Manconi,Chiara Sinico,Anna Maria Fadda | | International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020; : 119398 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
A potential breast cancer dual therapy using phytochemicals-loaded nanoscale penetration enhancing vesicles: A double impact weapon in the arsenal |
|
| Nermine V. Fares,Hend Abd-Allah,Ahmed E. Sobaih,Hind Atta,Nada Ramekh,Hala Khaled,Mina William,Jailan Adel,Ali Waheed,Yasmeena Hisham,Omar Mostafa,Dina Sharbek,Mohamed Samir,Rania M. Hathout | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; 57: 101663 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Development, optimization, and evaluation of tamsulosin nanotransfersomes to enhance its permeation and bioavailability |
|
| Alshaimaa M. Almehmady,Amani M. Elsisi | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; 57: 101667 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Deferoxamine-loaded transfersomes accelerates healing of pressure ulcers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |
|
| Sanaa A. El-Gizawy,Ahmed Nouh,Sameh Saber,Ahmed Y. Kira | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; : 101732 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Preparation, optimization, characterization and bioevaluation of Rosmarinic Acid loaded phytovesicles for anti-inflammatory activity |
|
| Abhishek Singh,Nidhi Srivastava,Kuldeep Singh Yadav,Priyam Sinha,Narayan Prasad Yadav | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; : 101888 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
In vitro and in vivo trans-epidermal water loss evaluation following topical drug delivery systems application for pharmaceutical analysis |
|
| Maria Chiara Cristiano,Francesca Froiio,Antonia Mancuso,Michelangelo Iannone,Massimo Fresta,Serena Fiorito,Christian Celia,Donatella Paolino | | Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2020; : 113295 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Ultra-deformable lipid vesicles localise Amphotericin B in the dermis for the treatment of skin infectious diseases |
|
| Raquel Fernández-García,Larry Statts,Jessica A. de Jesus,Maria Auxiliadora Dea- Ayuela,Liliana Bautista,Ruben Simao,Francisco Bolas Fernández,María Paloma Ballesteros,Marcia Dalastra Laurenti,Luiz Felipe D Passero,Aikaterini Lalatsa,Dolores R. Serrano | | ACS Infectious Diseases. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Therapeutic Strategies for Erectile Dysfunction With Emphasis on Recent Approaches in Nanomedicine |
|
| Hussein O. Ammar,Mina I. Tadros,Nahla M. Salama,Amira M. Ghoneim | | IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience. 2020; 19(1): 11 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Niosome-based hydrogel as a potential drug delivery system for topical and transdermal applications |
|
| Fiammetta Nigro,Cristal dos Santos Cerqueira Pinto,Elisabete Pereira dos Santos,Claudia Regina Elias Mansur | | International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Factors affecting the buccal delivery of deformable nanovesicles based on insulin–phospholipid complex: an in vivo investigation |
|
| Yuqi Yang,Yiyue Guo,You Xu,Yingying Meng,Xing Zhang,Xuejun Xia,YuLing Liu | | Drug Delivery. 2020; 27(1): 900 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Topical Minoxidil-Loaded Nanotechnology Strategies for Alopecia |
|
| Ana Cláudia Santos,Miguel Pereira-Silva,Catarina Guerra,Diana Costa,Diana Peixoto,Irina Pereira,Inês Pita,António J. Ribeiro,Francisco Veiga | | Cosmetics. 2020; 7(2): 21 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Transfersomes: A Promising Nanoencapsulation Technique for Transdermal Drug Delivery |
|
| Shakthi Apsara Thejani Opatha,Varin Titapiwatanakun,Romchat Chutoprapat | | Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12(9): 855 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Ultra-deformable Liposomes as Flexible Nanovesicular Carrier to Penetrate Versatile Drugs Transdermally |
|
| Gaurav Tiwari,Ruchi Tiwari,Rachna Singh,Awani K. Rai | | Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia. 2020; 10(1): 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Management of epileptic disorders using nanotechnology-based strategies for nose-to-brain drug delivery |
|
| Mihika Shringarpure,Sankalp Gharat,Munira Momin,Abdelwahab Omri | | Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Comparison in the Glucose Response of Flexible Liposomes Loaded with Insulin with the Addition of Different Surfactants in an Experimental Diabetes Model |
|
| Sara Melisa Arciniegas,Sergio Andres Saavedra,Danaé Balderas,Sara del Carmen Caballero,María Josefa Bernad,Julio Cesar Sánchez,María Isabel Gracia,Héctor Ariel Rico,Dinorah Vargas | | Letters in Drug Design & Discovery. 2020; 17(6): 787 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Applications of Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Active Phytoconstituents |
|
| Phui Qi Ng,Laura Soon Cheau Ling,Jestin Chellian,Thiagarajan Madheswaran,Jithendra Panneerselvam,Anil Philip Kunnath,Gaurav Gupta,Saurabh Satija,Meenu Mehta,Philip Michael Hansbro,Trudi Collet,Kamal Dua,Dinesh Kumar Chellappan | | Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2020; 26(36): 4580 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
The Scope and Challenges of Vesicular Carrier-Mediated Delivery of Docetaxel for the Management of Cancer |
|
| Charu Misra,Kaisar Raza,Amit Kumar Goyal | | Current Drug Delivery. 2020; 17(10): 874 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
In Vitro and In Vivo Profiles and Characterization of Insulin Nanocarriers Based in Flexible Liposomes Designed for Oral Administration |
|
| Sara Melisa Arciniegas Ruiz,María Josefa Bernad Bernad,Raquel Lopez Arellano,Roberto Diaz Torres,Sara Del Carmen Caballero Chacón,Dinorah Vargas Estrada | | Letters in Drug Design & Discovery. 2019; 16(8): 948 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Nanodermatology-based solutions for psoriasis: State-of-the art and future prospects |
|
| Giovanni Damiani,Alessia Pacifico,Dennis M. Linder,Paolo D.M. Pigatto,Rosalynn Conic,Ayman Grada,Nicola L. Bragazzi | | Dermatologic Therapy. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Nanotechnology: Revolutionizing the Science of Drug Delivery |
|
| Mohini Mishra,Pramod Kumar,Jitendra Singh Rajawat,Ruchi Malik,Gitanjali Sharma,Amit Modgil | | Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2019; 24(43): 5086 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Nanomedicines to Treat Skin Pathologies with Natural Molecules |
|
| Elisabetta Esposito,Claudio Nastruzzi,Maddalena Sguizzato,Rita Cortesi | | Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2019; 25(21): 2323 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
A Review on Bioengineering Approaches to Insulin Delivery: A Pharmaceutical and Engineering Perspective |
|
| Zahra Baghban Taraghdari,Rana Imani,Fatemeh Mohabatpour | | Macromolecular Bioscience. 2019; : 1800458 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Monoolein cubosomes for enhancement of in vitro anti-oxidative efficacy of Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam extract toward carcinogenic fine dust-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells |
|
| Seok Ho Park,Jin-Chul Kim | | Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2019; 36(9): 1466 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Nanotechnological breakthroughs in the development of topical phytocompounds-based formulations |
|
| Ana Cláudia Santos,Dora Rodrigues,Joana A.D. Sequeira,Irina Pereira,Ana Simões,Diana Costa,Diana Peixoto,Gustavo Costa,Francisco Veiga | | International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2019; : 118787 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Transferosomes as nanocarriers for drugs across the skin: quality by design from lab to industrial scale |
|
| Raquel Fernández-García,Aikaterini Lalatsa,Larry Statts,Francisco Bolás-Fernández,M. Paloma Ballesteros,Dolores R. Serrano | | International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2019; : 118817 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Polymer-Based Nanoparticle Strategies for Insulin Delivery |
|
| Shazia Mansoor,Pierre P. D. Kondiah,Yahya E. Choonara,Viness Pillay | | Polymers. 2019; 11(9): 1380 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Fabrication and evaluation of ultra deformable vesicles for atopic dermatitis as topical delivery |
|
| Swati Chauhan,Neha Gulati,Upendra Nagaich | | International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
Drug delivery strategies for chemoprevention of UVB-induced skin cancer: A review |
|
| Arvind Bagde,Arindam Mondal,Mandip Singh | | Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2018; 34(1): 60 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
A comparative study of stabilising effect and antioxidant activity of different antioxidants on levodopa-loaded liposomes |
|
| Elena García Esteban,María José Cózar-Bernal,Antonio M. Rabasco Álvarez,María Luisa González-Rodríguez | | Journal of Microencapsulation. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Insights on the Use of Nanocarriers for Acne Alleviation |
|
| Sandra Sherif Amer,Maha Nasr,Wael Mamdouh,Omaima Sammour | | Current Drug Delivery. 2018; 16(1): 18 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
Functionalized Textile Based Therapy for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis |
|
| | | Coatings. 2017; 7(6): 82 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
Topical Antifungals used for Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis |
|
| Sundeep Chowdhry | | Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access. 2017; 4(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
Improvement of skin whitening agents efficiency through encapsulation: Current state of knowledge |
|
| Elissa Ephrem,Hamid Elaissari,Hélène Greige-Gerges | | International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2017; 526(1-2): 50 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 69 |
Transdermal Protein Delivery Using Choline and Geranate (CAGE) Deep Eutectic Solvent |
|
| Amrita Banerjee,Kelly Ibsen,Yasunori Iwao,Michael Zakrewsky,Samir Mitragotri | | Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2017; : 1601411 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 70 |
Transdermal delivery of vaccines – Recent progress and critical issues |
|
| Kevin Ita | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2016; 83: 1080 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 71 |
In vitro drug release and percutaneous behavior of poloxamer-based hydrogel formulation containing traditional Chinese medicine |
|
| Wenyi Wang,Patrick C.L. Hui,Elaine Wat,Frency S.F. Ng,Chi-Wai Kan,Xiaowen Wang,Eric C.W. Wong,Huawen Hu,Ben Chan,Clara B.S. Lau,Ping-Chung Leung | | Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2016; 148: 526 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 72 |
Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Vesicles and Particulate Carriers for Topical and Transdermal Application |
|
| Shashank Jain,Niketkumar Patel,Mansi K. Shah,Pinak Khatri,Namrata Vora | | Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 73 |
Critical evaluation and methodological positioning of the transdermal microdialysis technique. A review |
|
| Franciska Erdo,Naoto Hashimoto,Gellért Karvaly,Noritaka Nakamichi,Yukio Kato | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2016; 233: 147 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 74 |
Topically applied lipid- and surfactant-based nanoparticles in the treatment of skin disorders |
|
| Eline Desmet,Mireille Van Gele,Jo Lambert | | Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2016; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 75 |
Nanotechnological approaches for the effective management of psoriasis |
|
| Tarun Garg,Goutam Rath,Amit K. Goyal | | Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 2015; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 76 |
Novel and Emerging Insulin Preparations for Type 2 Diabetes |
|
| Kitty Kit Ting Cheung,Peter Alexander Senior | | Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2015; 39: S160 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 77 |
Liposomal delivery systems for anti-cancer analogues of vitamin E |
|
| Stepan Koudelka,Pavlina Turanek Knotigova,Josef Masek,Lubomir Prochazka,Robert Lukac,Andrew D. Miller,Jiri Neuzil,Jaroslav Turanek | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2015; 207: 59 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 78 |
Current and emerging lipid-based systems for transdermal drug delivery |
|
| Sumeet K Singla,Vishal Sachdeva | | Therapeutic Delivery. 2015; 6(9): 1063 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
